Various theories have been proposed for this phenomenon, the most likely of which is the increase in ground pressure due to the presence of hydrocarbon gases.
Martian mountains are the result of natural erosion on the sedimentary bed of this region. The type of soil and the animal remains in them are a good indication of the fact that once upon a time, this whole region was the sea.
Kaluts are natural features that occur due to environmental erosion in sedimentary mountains or hills of desert areas. This erosion can be due to wind or due to rain and running water in the riverbed.